{"id":4186,"date":"2022-12-18T03:59:30","date_gmt":"2022-12-18T03:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/backtheme.tech\/products\/wordpress\/neoton\/?p=4120"},"modified":"2024-07-31T09:13:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T09:13:10","slug":"definicia-pojmu-spravodajstvo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/definicia-pojmu-spravodajstvo\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Co je to zpravodajstv\u00ed? Pokusy o definici pojmu a probl\u00e9my p\u0159ekladu<\/h3>

Petr Zeman<\/p>

Kv\u011bten 2008<\/b><\/p>

Tato studie vznikla v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu 2005 jako u\u010debn\u00ed text pro studenty Fakulty soci\u00e1ln\u00edch studi\u00ed Masarykovy university v\u00a0Brn\u011b. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech jsem ji v\u00a0n\u011bkolika postupn\u011b upravovan\u00fdch verz\u00edch m\u00edrn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159il v\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9 a slovensk\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 komunit\u011b. Z\u00e1rodky studie jsou v\u0161ak star\u0161\u00ed \u2013 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0let 1994-1998 a 2001-2005, kdy jsem vyu\u010doval teorii zpravodajstv\u00ed a v\u00a0n\u011bkolika textech se pokou\u0161el zamyslet nad \u010deskou zpravodajskou terminologi\u00ed. Proto\u017ee do doby eventu\u00e1ln\u00ed souborn\u00e9 kni\u017en\u00ed publikace m\u016f\u017ee uplynout je\u0161t\u011b dost \u010dasu (a nemus\u00ed se to ani zda\u0159it), uv\u00edtal jsem nab\u00eddku slovensk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00e1tel zve\u0159ejnit n\u011bkter\u00e9 sv\u00e9 studie na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch Asoci\u00e1cie b\u00fdval\u00fdch zpravodajsk\u00fdch d\u00f4stojn\u00edkov. Tato verze textu je z\u00a0kv\u011btna 2008; v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu 2008 jsem zkontroloval webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, na n\u011b\u017e odkazuje.<\/p><\/div>

\u00a0 \u201eZpravodajstv\u00ed ze sv\u00e9 definice pracuje s nejasn\u00fdm, s nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm, s t\u00edm, co je \u00famysln\u011b skryto.\u201d<\/i><\/p>

George J. Tenet, b\u00fdval\u00fd \u0159editel CIA<\/i><\/p>

Co je to vlastn\u011b zpravodajstv\u00ed? Pro\u010d je definice zpravodajstv\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btem spor\u016f? Jak podot\u00fdk\u00e1 Lowenthal\u00a0[1]\u00a0, ka\u017ed\u00e1 odborn\u00e1 kniha o zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 rekapitulac\u00ed definic a p\u0159ehledem spor\u016f o n\u011b.<\/p>

B\u00fdv\u00e1 dobr\u00fdm zvykem nap\u0159ed ocitovat definice pojm\u016f uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch autor\u016f, pot\u00e9 je kriticky porovnat a nakonec eventu\u00e1ln\u011b nab\u00eddnout \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i vlastn\u00ed interpretace, \u00fapravy a doporu\u010den\u00ed. Postupuji jinak, nap\u0159ed nab\u00edz\u00edm p\u0159edb\u011b\u017enou definici vlastn\u00ed. \u00davodn\u00ed definici zpravodajstv\u00ed nejprve odvod\u00edm z\u00a0laick\u00fdch p\u0159edstav. Potom pop\u00ed\u0161u n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f k\u00a0mnohovrstevnat\u00e9mu pojmu zpravodajstv\u00ed. Teprve nakonec si vypomohu citov\u00e1n\u00edm odborn\u00e9 literatury. M\u00fdm z\u00e1m\u011brem p\u0159itom je, aby navr\u017een\u00e1 definice byla\u00a0co nejobecn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/b>\u00a0a pokr\u00fdvala zpravodajstv\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed i vnit\u0159n\u00ed, civiln\u00ed i milit\u00e1rn\u00ed, st\u00e1tn\u00ed i priv\u00e1tn\u00ed\u2026<\/p>

Co je zpravodajstv\u00ed \u2013 pokus o definici<\/h4>

P\u0159edstavme si n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed postavy, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me ze z\u00e1bavn\u00e9 \u010detby: pr\u016fzkumn\u00edk, kter\u00fd se zamaskov\u00e1n plaz\u00ed ter\u00e9nem k\u00a0pozic\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtele, aby zjistil jeho postaven\u00ed a s\u00edly; \u0161pion-diplomat, kter\u00fd kryt sv\u00fdmi v\u00fdsadami a svou imunitou upl\u00e1c\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka ciz\u00ed zem\u011b, aby prozradil utajen\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny jeho vlasti; tajn\u00fd policista, kter\u00fd se tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jako lump a pod kryt\u00edm pronik\u00e1 do zlo\u010dineck\u00e9 organizace, aby tam um\u00edstil odposlechov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010di aby ji \u201eperson\u00e1ln\u011b\u201c zmapoval; oper\u00e1tor, kter\u00fd \u0159\u00edd\u00ed dr\u00e1hu a \u010dinnost sn\u00edmkuj\u00edc\u00edho satelitu, aby vyfotografoval detaily ze stavby z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho objektu kdesi v\u00a0\u00cdr\u00e1nu; guerillov\u00fd odboj\u00e1\u0159-specialista, kter\u00fd se sna\u017e\u00ed odhalit mezi sv\u00fdmi spolubojovn\u00edky \u0161pehy nasazen\u00e9 vl\u00e1dn\u00edmi silami; podnikatelskou spole\u010dnost\u00ed najat\u00fd soukrom\u00fd detektiv, kter\u00fd se sna\u017e\u00ed ukr\u00e1st marketingov\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny \u010di technick\u00e9 v\u00fdkresy konkuren\u010dn\u00ed firmy; atd.<\/p>

Co maj\u00ed tyto postavy a role spole\u010dn\u00e9ho? Je to nevy\u0159\u010den\u00e9 pravidlo:\u00a0Vid\u011bt a neb\u00fdt vid\u011bn; sly\u0161et a neb\u00fdt sly\u0161en; v\u011bd\u011bt a nedat najevo, \u017ee v\u00edm.<\/b><\/p>

Ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo uva\u017euje o zpravodajstv\u00ed a tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch, n\u00e1sledn\u011b napadne, \u017ee tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby maj\u00ed co \u010dinit s\u00a0informacemi<\/b>\u00a0a s\u00a0utajen\u00edm<\/b>. Informace, kter\u00e9 \u201eopat\u0159ovatel\u201c hled\u00e1, jeho protihr\u00e1\u010d \u010di protivn\u00edk samoz\u0159ejm\u011b utajuje. Jedna citace za mnoh\u00e9: \u201eZpravodajsk\u00e9 poznatky jsou za\u010dast\u00e9 vyvozov\u00e1ny z informac\u00ed, je\u017e jsou zatajov\u00e1ny nebo se o nich nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee by je n\u011bkdo [ciz\u00ed] mohl z\u00edskat.\u201d\u00a0[2]<\/p>

Shora uveden\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f \u010dinnosti \u2013 ofensivn\u011b-v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00e9, defensivn\u011b-zabra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed, vojensk\u00e9, na poli politiky, na poli ekonomiky, na poli boje proti zlo\u010dinu, a to v\u0161e jak na dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b vlastn\u00ed zem\u011b, tak v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed (nebo \u201eproti n\u011bmu\u201c). Pokus\u00edme-li se abstrahovat tak, abychom zjistili, co v\u0161echna shora uveden\u00e1 pojet\u00ed spojuje, lze navrhnout n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edb\u011b\u017enou definici zpravodajstv\u00ed.<\/p>

Zpravodajstv\u00ed je z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, kter\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0utajovan\u00e9m<\/i>\u00a0z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ciz\u00edch\u00a0utajen\u00fdch<\/i>\u00a0informac\u00ed.<\/b><\/p><\/div>

Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlovat, pro\u010d v\u00a0definici je adjektivum\u00a0z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e1<\/i>.\u00a0[3]\u00a0Dal\u0161\u00ed slova v\u00a0definici v\u0161ak chci oz\u0159ejmit. Adjektivum\u00a0ciz\u00ed<\/i>\u00a0nemus\u00ed znamenat \u201ep\u016fvodem zahrani\u010dn\u00ed\u201c; m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt utajen\u00e1 informace na dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b, uvnit\u0159 vlastn\u00edho st\u00e1tu \u2013 ale informace protivn\u00edkova, nap\u0159. mafi\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho spolku \u010di extremistick\u00e9 organizace ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek na \u00fazem\u00ed na\u0161eho st\u00e1tu; tedy informace op\u011bt v\u00a0jist\u00e9m smyslu ciz\u00ed.<\/p>

Upozor\u0148uji, \u017ee v\u00a0definici se adjektivum\u00a0utajen\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0vyskytuje dvakr\u00e1t. Nen\u00ed-li hledan\u00e1 informace utajen\u00e1 (skryt\u00e1, latentn\u00ed, a proto eventu\u00e1ln\u00edm u\u017eivatel\u016fm nedostupn\u00e1), nejde o zpravodajskou \u010dinnost; nen\u00ed toti\u017e pro\u010d ji vyv\u00edjet. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, nen\u00ed-li dosud nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 informace zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na utajen\u011b (\u201edov\u00eddat se, a ned\u00e1vat najevo alespo\u0148 po ur\u010ditou dobu, \u017ee se dov\u00edd\u00e1m\u201c), op\u011bt nejde o zpravodajskou \u010dinnost; nap\u0159\u00edklad policejn\u00ed org\u00e1n \u2013 vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel, kter\u00fd vysl\u00fdch\u00e1 podez\u0159el\u00e9ho, nepostupuje \u201ezpravodajsky\u201c, naopak, d\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u0159eteln\u011b najevo, jak jsou ur\u010deny role v\u00a0dialogu on\u011bch dvou osob.<\/p>

Stru\u010dn\u00e9 definice, je\u017e se sna\u017e\u00ed pokr\u00fdt komplexn\u00ed fenom\u00e9n, zpravidla m\u00edvaj\u00ed notorick\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody \u2013 v\u017edycky se d\u00e1 naj\u00edt jev, kter\u00fd lite\u0159e definice nevyhovuje. (Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad hned se m\u016f\u017ee nam\u00edtnout, \u017ee ne v\u0161echny \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, jsou utajovan\u00fdm z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm utajen\u00fdch informac\u00ed. V\u017edy\u0165 slu\u017eby vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i otev\u0159en\u00e9, tj.\u00a0ex definitione<\/i>\u00a0neutajen\u00e9 prameny. Jen\u017ee: jejich strukturovan\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a vyu\u017eit\u00ed se utajuje!) Kv\u016fli vad\u00e1m prozat\u00edmn\u00ed definice v\u0161ak nen\u00ed dobr\u00e9 pokusy o jej\u00ed dopln\u011bn\u00ed a up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed vzd\u00e1vat. Jinak by zb\u00fdvalo vytvo\u0159it pseudodefinici kruhem a \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u201ezpravodajstv\u00ed je to, co v\u011bt\u0161inou provozuj\u00ed tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby\u201c, co\u017e by byla teoretikova prohra.<\/p>

Proto navrhuji shora uvedenou definici p\u0159ijmout jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed a pracovn\u00ed. Mezit\u00edm k\u00a0n\u00ed budeme leccos dod\u00e1vat a dopl\u0148ovat ji. Na z\u00e1v\u011br se znovu k\u00a0definici vr\u00e1t\u00edme, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edme ji a zrevidujeme. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m ov\u0161em, \u017ee ani pot\u00e9 nebudeme \u00fapln\u011b spokojeni. Ostatn\u011b skeptick\u00fd Laqueur tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee\u00a0<\/i>\u201eV\u0161echny ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed pokusy vytvo\u0159it teorii zpravodajstv\u00ed selhaly.\u201c\u00a0[4]<\/p>

Mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdznam\u016f<\/h4>

Anglick\u00fd v\u00fdraz pro zpravodajstv\u00ed je\u00a0intelligence<\/i>. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0latinsk\u00e9ho\u00a0intelligere \u2013\u00a0<\/i>rozum\u011bt, ch\u00e1pat. Anglick\u00e9 i \u010desk\u00e9 slovo maj\u00ed ale n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch mo\u017en\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f a u\u017eit\u00ed, co\u017e zt\u011b\u017euje jejich pochopen\u00ed a zt\u011b\u017euje i p\u0159eklad. Probl\u00e9m rozli\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f a jejich p\u0159ekladu je nezbytn\u00e9 p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit z\u00a0n\u011bkolika aspekt\u016f.<\/p>

Aspekt prvn\u00ed: Angli\u010dtina a inteligence vs. \u010de\u0161tina a novin\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/h5>

Anglick\u00e9 slovo\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e1, jak ka\u017ed\u00fd zjist\u00ed nahl\u00e9dnut\u00edm do kter\u00e9hokoli slovn\u00edku,\u00a0[5]\u00a0dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdznamy. Je to za prv\u00e9 inteligence jako ment\u00e1ln\u00ed schopnost \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9my, schopnost pochopit, porozum\u011bt a t\u011b\u017eit ze zku\u0161enosti, schopnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi IQ testy.<\/p>

Za druh\u00e9 je to \u201ena\u0161e t\u00e9ma\u201c – zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost jako \u010dinnost tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb.\u00a0[6]<\/p>

\u010cesk\u00fd v\u00fdraz zpravodajstv\u00ed vedle v\u00fdznamu, kter\u00fd n\u00e1s nyn\u00ed zaj\u00edm\u00e1 (toti\u017e zpravodajstv\u00ed coby \u010dinnosti tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb), ozna\u010duje jednu ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 produkt t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti; je to zpravodajstv\u00ed \u010dili p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nov\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v – na rozd\u00edl od koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f a publicistiky nem\u00e1 obsahovat novin\u00e1\u0159\u016fv n\u00e1zor, n\u00fdbr\u017e pouze tlumo\u010dit fakta.\u00a0[7]<\/p>

Anglick\u00fd v\u00fdraz navozuje p\u0159edstavu \u201eporozum\u011bt, b\u00fdt schopen p\u0159edv\u00eddat, zn\u00e1t budouc\u00ed tahy protivn\u00edk\u016f a b\u00fdt p\u0159ipraven na n\u011b reagovat\u201c; navozuje proaktivitu a \u00fasil\u00ed o progn\u00f3zu. \u010cesk\u00fd v\u00fdraz zpravodajstv\u00ed, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze slova zpravovat, vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e dojmy pasivn\u00edho shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 se ji\u017e ud\u00e1ly.<\/p>

Angli\u010dtina odli\u0161uje\u00a0news agenc<\/i>y a\u00a0intelligence agency<\/i>; \u010de\u0161tina m\u00e1 pro oboj\u00ed jeden v\u00fdraz \u2013 zpravodajsk\u00e1 agentura. \u010ce\u0161tina v\u0161ak dok\u00e1\u017ee v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch odvozen\u00fdch slovech oba v\u00fdznamy velmi citliv\u011b odli\u0161ovat \u2013 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0zpravodaj<\/i>\u00a0kontra zahrani\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0zpravodajec<\/i>.<\/p>

\u010ce\u0161tina je v dan\u00e9m kontextu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ovlivn\u011bna n\u011bm\u010dinou \u2013 televizn\u00ed stanice ve\u010der vys\u00edlaj\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy –\u00a0Nachrichten<\/i>, zpravodajsk\u00e1 (tajn\u00e1) slu\u017eba je\u00a0(r) Nachrichtendienst<\/i>. O n\u011bmeck\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 terminologii podrobn\u011bji v\u00a0dov\u011btku z\u00a0pera D. Radom\u011b\u0159sk\u00e9ho na konci t\u00e9to studie.<\/p>

Nemus\u00edme b\u00fdt znalci s\u00e9miotiky, abychom pochopili, \u017ee rodil\u00e9mu mluv\u010d\u00edmu \u010desk\u00e9mu a anglick\u00e9mu se mus\u00ed ke\u00a0zpravodajstv\u00ed \/ intelligence<\/i>\u00a0podv\u011bdom\u011b \u201enabalovat\u201c odli\u0161n\u00e9 konotace, kter\u00e9 nejsou ve jmenovan\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch symetrick\u00e9, a proto se v\u00fdrazy mnohdy vzp\u00edraj\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9mu p\u0159ekladu.\u00a0[8]<\/p>

Aspekt druh\u00fd: Americk\u00fd koncept dle Shermana Kenta \u2013 t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdznamy slova \u201eintelligence\u201c v angli\u010dtin\u011b<\/h5>

Sherman Kent (1903\u20131986) je \u201eotec zakladatel\u201c americk\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy (tj. on\u00e9 f\u00e1ze zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, je\u017e n\u00e1sleduje po sb\u011bru informac\u00ed a p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu odevzd\u00e1n\u00ed a vyu\u017eit\u00ed poznatk\u016f); p\u016fsobil ji\u017e ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9\u00a0OSS a pak v pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9\u00a0CIA.<\/p>

V\u00a0roce 1949 publikoval kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 d\u00edlo\u00a0\u201eStrategic Intelligence for American World Policy\u201c, jeho\u017e podstatnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je definov\u00e1n\u00ed podstaty\u00a0intelligence<\/i>, jej\u00edch druh\u016f (kinds<\/i>), komponent a aspekt\u016f. Toto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a dodnes \u010dten\u00e9 d\u00edlo cituje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd anglicky p\u00ed\u0161\u00edc\u00ed badatel a jeho vliv je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd. Nutno upozornit, \u017ee Kent se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 zpravodajstv\u00edm o zahrani\u010d\u00ed a ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed (foreign intelligence<\/i>), a to na \u201ehigh-level\u201c strategick\u00e9 \u00farovni, tj. na \u00farovni celost\u00e1tn\u00ed\u00a0[9]\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti. Kent vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0plasticity a v\u00edcev\u00fdznamovosti anglick\u00e9ho slova\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0a postuluje\u00a0<\/b>t\u0159i odd\u011blen\u00e9 a rozd\u00edln\u00e9 obsahy pojmu, kter\u00e9 mohou u\u017eivatel\u00e9 slova\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0v\u00a0kontextu zpravodajstv\u00ed o zahrani\u010dn\u00edch pom\u011brech m\u00ednit.\u00a0[10]<\/p>

Prvn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem (obsahem term\u00ednu) je\u00a0intelligence\u00a0<\/i>jako\u00a0zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed druh znalosti\u00a0<\/b>(knowledge<\/i>).\u00a0<\/b>Parafr\u00e1zuji\u00a0<\/b>Kentovu\u00a0[11]\u00a0ot\u00e1zku, p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed tomuto v\u00fdznamu: \u201e What intelligence have you turned up on the situation in Al-Qaeda ?\u201c Do \u010de\u0161tiny mus\u00edme tento v\u00fdznam\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0(jako podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na) p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat zpravidla dv\u011bma slovy: \u201ezpravodajsk\u00e9 poznatky\u201c nebo \u201ezpravodajsk\u00e9 informace\u201c. Tedy \u201eJak\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 poznatky o sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situaci v\u00a0Al-Kaid\u011b jste sehnali?\u201c Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ameri\u010dt\u00ed auto\u0159i p\u0159eformulovali pojet\u00ed \u201ezpravodajstv\u00ed jako znalost\u201c do pojet\u00ed\u00a0intelligence as product<\/i>, rozum\u011bjme zpravodajstv\u00ed jako produkt \u010di v\u00fdsledek \u010dinnosti; \u201ezpravodajstv\u00edm se m\u016f\u017ee m\u00ednit v\u00fdsledek t\u011bchto \u010dinnost\u00ed\u201c (Lowenthal, 2000).\u00a0[12]\u00a0Odvozen\u00e9 prost\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed Shulsky\u00a0[13]\u00a0–\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0jako vl\u00e1d\u011b poskytnut\u00e1\u00a0information.<\/i><\/p>

Druh\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem je\u00a0intelligence\u00a0<\/i>jako\u00a0typ organizace<\/b>, kter\u00e1 onu znalost \u010di produkt vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Kent\u00a0[14]\u00a0: \u201e Intelligence was able to give the operating people exactly what they wanted.\u201d Do \u010de\u0161tiny mus\u00edme tento v\u00fdznam\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat jako \u201ezpravodajci\u201c nebo souslov\u00edm \u201ezpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba\u201c. Tedy: \u201eZpravodajci dok\u00e1zali dodat p\u0159esn\u011b to, co si \u010dinitel\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1li zn\u00e1t.\u201c<\/p>

A kone\u010dn\u011b t\u0159et\u00edm v\u00fdznamem je\u00a0intelligence\u00a0<\/i>coby\u00a0\u010dinnost<\/b>\u00a0(activity<\/i>, Kent) \u010di\u00a0proces<\/b>\u00a0<\/i>(process<\/i>, Lowenthal\u00a0[15]\u00a0), jej\u00edm\u017e d\u016fsledkem je k\u00fd\u017een\u00e1 znalost. Jedin\u011b zde si \u010de\u0161tina vysta\u010d\u00ed s\u00a0jednoslovn\u00fdm \u201ezpravodajstv\u00edm\u201c.<\/p>

Pojet\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch v\u00fdznam\u016f v\u00fdrazu\u00a0intelligence<\/i>, tj. znalost nebo organizace nebo \u010dinnost, je v\u00a0USA dokonale v\u017eito. Viz nap\u0159. v\u00fdkladov\u00fd slovn\u00edk Komise k\u00a011. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.\u00a0[16]<\/p>

Zd\u016fraz\u0148uji, \u017ee uveden\u00e9 \u201ekentovsk\u00e9\u201c uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed o povaze zpravodajstv\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b\u00a0foreign intelligence<\/i>, tj. zpravodajstv\u00ed ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch (po Kentovi) americk\u00fdch autor\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o vl\u00e1dn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159e,\u00a0[17]\u00a0badatele z\u00a0univerzit a think tank\u016f, nebo o kvalifikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed publicisty, sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed akty \u010di teoretick\u00e9 stati o\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0zam\u011b\u0159uje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b a pouze na zpravodajstv\u00ed o ciz\u00edch zem\u00edch. V\u00a0jejich pojet\u00ed jde o n\u00e1stroj pom\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed praxi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztah\u016f, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Jde o aktivitu, kter\u00e1 pracuje s\u00a0makrokategoriemi vit\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>

P\u0159ed 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00edm 2001 nebylo v USA obvykl\u00e9 takto teoreticky uva\u017eovat o zpravodajstv\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9m na vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rizika. Kdy\u017e shora zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 autority p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bly, \u017ee existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 jinak a jinam zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9\u00a0intelligence activities<\/i>\u00a0(nap\u0159\u00edklad tzv.\u00a0counterintelligence<\/i>\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 FBI a dal\u0161\u00edmi feder\u00e1ln\u00edmi slo\u017ekami), b\u00fdvala to jen shov\u00edvav\u00e1 \u00falitba men\u0161\u00edmu kontrarozv\u011bdn\u00e9mu brat\u0159\u00ed\u010dkovi.<\/p>

Aspekt t\u0159et\u00ed: Americk\u00e1 policie \u2013 \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fd sv\u011bt<\/h5>

V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm americk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b\u00a0[18]\u00a0p\u0159itom \u017eila a \u017eije\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0zcela jin\u00e9ho druhu, toti\u017e policejn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na boj proti zlo\u010dinu. V\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b se ozna\u010duje jako\u00a0police intelligence, criminal intelligence, law enforcement intelligence,\u00a0<\/i>nebo\u00a0law enforcement intelligence support<\/i>.<\/p>

Jeho ter\u010dem nen\u00ed \u201enep\u0159\u00edtel n\u00e1roda\u201c, ale \u201eparazit na spole\u010dnosti\u201c. Jde o zpravodajstv\u00ed pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0mikrokategori\u00edch; zpravodajstv\u00ed omezen\u00e9ho, chcete-li lok\u00e1ln\u00edho,\u00a0taktick\u00e9ho dosahu<\/b>. Policejn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed od \u201eb\u011b\u017en\u00e9\u201c kriminalistick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, vyv\u00edjen\u00e9 ex post po sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed a zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu. Sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch ji\u017e evidentn\u00edch trestn\u00fdch \u010din\u016f se policejn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed zab\u00fdv\u00e1 prac\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed ve shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a analyzov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o zlo\u010dineck\u00e9m podsv\u011bt\u00ed; to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee policejn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed m\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho kriminalistick\u00e9ho vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u010d\u00e1sti prospektivn\u00ed, preventivn\u00ed a v\u0161eobecn\u011b varovn\u00fd charakter.<\/p>

Po \u00fatoc\u00edch z\u00a011. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se v\u00a0USA tato t\u0159et\u00ed (tj. vedle\u00a0foreign intelligence<\/i>\u00a0a\u00a0counterintelligence<\/i>) v\u011btev \u010di t\u00e9matick\u00e1 podoba zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u011b prosazovat a co do teorie i metod pr\u00e1ce u\u010dit od prve jmenovan\u00fdch. Za v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pramen ke studiu t\u00e9matu pova\u017euji u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled Carter, 2004, Law Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies, vydan\u00fd p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed ministerstva spravedlnosti Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>

Policejn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed se\u00a0de facto<\/i>\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u00ed i v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b evropsk\u00fdch. Jeho pr\u00e1vn\u00ed vymezen\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 terminologie jsou v\u0161ak velmi rozkol\u00edsan\u00e9. O tom v\u00edce slov jindy a jinde.<\/p>

Aspekt \u010dtvrt\u00fd: Dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my p\u0159eklad\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/h5>

Jak jsem u\u017e uvedl, v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b (a to zejm\u00e9na americk\u00e9 angli\u010dtin\u011b) se term\u00ednem\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bji rozum\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b\u00a0foreign intelligenc<\/i>e, ani\u017e by se p\u0159ed\u0159azovalo specifikuj\u00edc\u00ed adjektivum.\u00a0[19]<\/p>

V\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b je naopak adjektivum\u00a0zpravodajsk\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0plasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkdy je jeho v\u00fdznam poci\u0165ov\u00e1n jako hierarchicky nad\u0159azen\u00fd –\u00a0zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed<\/b>\u00a0zpravodajskou \u010dinnost jak ofensivn\u00edho, tak i defensivn\u00edho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed; jindy v u\u017e\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamu (americk\u00e9m) jako synonymum slova v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00fd. V\u00a0minul\u00e9m re\u017eimu se pro \u010dinnost a produkt tzv. civiln\u00edch tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b u\u017e\u00edvala slova poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0ru\u0161tiny\u00a0[20]\u00a0–\u00a0rozv\u011bdka, rozv\u011bdn\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0pro v\u00fdzv\u011bdnou slu\u017ebu a\u00a0kontrarozv\u011bdka, kontrarozv\u011bdn\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0pro slu\u017ebu defensivn\u00ed. Term\u00edn\u00a0zpravodajsk\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0\u017eil v\u00a0komunistick\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku sp\u00ed\u0161e jen ve vojensk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed (viz nap\u0159. soudob\u00e1 Zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu). Po listopadu 1989 se v\u00fdraz\u00a0zpravodajsk\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0ve smyslu sv\u00e9ho zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00fdznamu znovu prosadil do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>

V ru\u0161tin\u011b a pol\u0161tin\u011b je situace odli\u0161n\u00e1.\u00a0V ru\u0161tin\u011b existuj\u00ed adjektiva\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0439<\/i>\u00a0(razv\u011bdnyj)\u00a0a<\/i>\u00a0\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0439<\/i>\u00a0(kontrrazv\u011bdnyj), a je-li t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdraz, mus\u00ed se Rusov\u00e9 uch\u00fdlit k\u00a0eufemismu komunistick\u00e9ho newspeaku \u2013 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b (specslu\u017eby). V\u00a0pol\u0161tin\u011b pro rozv\u011bdku a kontrarozv\u011bdku existuj\u00ed v\u00fdrazy\u00a0wywiad<\/i>\u00a0a\u00a0kontrwywiad<\/i>; je-li t\u0159eba zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00fdrazu, u\u017eije se nejsp\u00ed\u0161e\u00a0s\u0142u\u017cby specjalne<\/i>\u00a0nebo\u00a0slu\u017cby informacyjne<\/i>.<\/p>

Anglick\u00e9 slovo intelligence m\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b jeden v\u00fdznam, dosud nezm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd. M\u016f\u017ee – podle kontextu – znamenat\u00a0zpravodajskou anal\u00fdzu<\/b>, tj. zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed (zhodnocen\u00ed) z\u00edskan\u00fdch informac\u00ed. V\u00fdznamnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed americk\u00e9 CIA je\u00a0analytick\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st<\/b>\u00a0t\u00e9to slu\u017eby, kter\u00e1 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Directorate of Intelligence. Jin\u00e1 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st CIA, zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se sb\u011brem zpravodajsk\u00fdch informac\u00ed, se nejprve naz\u00fdvala Directorate of Plans, pozd\u011bji po mnoho let Directorate of Operations a nejnov\u011bji National Clandestine Service. V\u00a0tomto kontextu je v\u00fdraz\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0[21]\u00a0protikladem v\u00fdrazu\u00a0operations<\/i>!<\/p>

Z\u00e1v\u011br:<\/p>

P\u0159i p\u0159ekladu anglick\u00e9ho adjektiva\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0do \u010de\u0161tiny mus\u00edme zva\u017eovat, zda v\u00a0tom kter\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jej m\u00e1me p\u0159elo\u017eit \u010desk\u00fdm zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdrazem\u00a0zpravodajsk\u00fd,\u00a0<\/i>nebo jemu pod\u0159azen\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem\u00a0v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00fd,\u00a0<\/i>anebo v\u00fdrazem\u00a0analytick\u00fd<\/i>.<\/p><\/div>


Takov\u00e1 alternace v\u00fdznam\u016f ov\u0161em vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pro mnoh\u00e9 nep\u0159ekro\u010diteln\u00fd p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00fd probl\u00e9m\u2026<\/span>\u00a0[22]<\/p>

Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady:<\/p>

Mno\u017eina americk\u00fdch zpravodajsk\u00fdch instituc\u00ed\u00a0U.S. Intelligence Community<\/b>\u00a0se p\u0159elo\u017e\u00ed jako\u00a0americk\u00e1 zpravodajsk\u00e1 komunita<\/b>\u00a0(t\u00e9\u017e zpravodajsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed). Koordina\u010dn\u00ed a analytick\u00fd zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed britsk\u00fd\u00a0Joint Intelligence Committee<\/b>\u00a0p\u0159elo\u017e\u00edme do \u010de\u0161tiny v\u00fdrazem\u00a0Spojen\u00fd v\u00fdbor pro zpravodajstv\u00ed<\/b>.<\/p>

Foreign intelligence services\u00a0<\/b>je t\u0159eba p\u0159elo\u017eit jako\u00a0v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/b>.<\/p>

Slo\u017eka Pentagonu zvan\u00e1\u00a0Defense Intelligence Agency<\/b>\u00a0se spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159elo\u017e\u00ed jako\u00a0V\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00e1<\/b>\u00a0(event. zpravodajsk\u00e1)\u00a0slu\u017eba ministerstva obrany<\/b>.<\/p>

N\u00e1zev slo\u017eky CIA\u00a0Directorate of Intelligence<\/b>\u00a0je t\u0159eba p\u0159elo\u017eit\u00a0jako \u0158editelstv\u00ed\u00a0analytiky, \u010di l\u00e9pe\u00a0\u0158editelstv\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy<\/b>.<\/p>

Je ov\u0161em b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00a0praxi ustupujeme za\u017eit\u00e9 tradici: americkou CIA obvykle p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1me jako \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba, a\u010dkoliv zcela korektn\u011b by m\u011blo b\u00fdt \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00e1 slu\u017eba. Podobn\u011b se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 britsk\u00e1 Secret Intelligence Service, tradi\u010dn\u011b jako Tajn\u00e1 zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba\u2026<\/p>

Aspekt p\u00e1t\u00fd: Rozkol\u00edsanost ryze \u010desk\u00e1<\/h5>

V\u00fdznamov\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159e adjektiva \u201ezpravodajsk\u00fd\u201c nen\u00ed ani v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b zcela ust\u00e1len\u00e1. Slovn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed\u00a0zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost\u00a0<\/i>v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010desk\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m \u00fazu mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159isouzeny tyto odli\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy:<\/p>

1)\u00a0<\/b>N\u011bkdo m\u016f\u017ee ch\u00e1pat\u00a0zpravodajskou \u010dinnost<\/i>\u00a0v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b v\u00a0neju\u017e\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu jako pouze tu aktivitu, ji\u017e prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed operativn\u00ed \u00fatvary zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb tzv. agenturn\u011b operativn\u00ed prac\u00ed, tj. sb\u011brem za pomoci utajen\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (anglicky\u00a0HUMINT<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>).<\/i>\u00a0Nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed snad, \u017ee toto neju\u017e\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed \u201ezpravodajsk\u00fd = operativn\u00ed\u201c vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed sami operativci; vn\u00edmaj\u00ed se jako \u201eti prav\u00ed a jedin\u00ed zpravodajci\u201c. Toto \u00fazk\u00e9 v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 pojet\u00ed pova\u017euji za nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9.<\/p>

2)\u00a0<\/b>\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed ch\u00e1pe\u00a0zpravodajskou \u010dinnost<\/i>\u00a0jako sb\u011br informac\u00ed v\u0161emi dostupn\u00fdmi postupy a metodami utajen\u00e9ho sb\u011bru, v\u010detn\u011b postup\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V\u00a0tomto pojet\u00ed je v\u00fdznam souslov\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed, ale pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 st\u00e1le pouze f\u00e1zi sb\u011bru informac\u00ed.<\/p>

3)\u00a0<\/b>Je\u0161t\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed pova\u017euje za\u00a0zpravodajskou \u010dinnost<\/i>\u00a0nejen sb\u011br informac\u00ed, ale i n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b analytick\u00e9 interpretace, naps\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v a odevzd\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm. Toto pojet\u00ed za zpravodajskou \u010dinnost pova\u017euje prakticky cel\u00fd tzv. zpravodajsk\u00fd cyklus.\u00a0[23]<\/p>

Osobn\u011b pl\u00e9duji pro pojet\u00ed t\u0159et\u00ed, ale za \u00fanosn\u00e9 pova\u017euji i pojet\u00ed druh\u00e9.<\/p>

\u00a04)<\/b>\u00a0Nane\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 shl\u00e9dli v americk\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu \u201eintelligence jako analytika\u201c a toto v\u00a0ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch letech – zbyte\u010dn\u011b – vm\u00edsili do \u010desk\u00e9ho \u00fazu. Toto pojet\u00ed pova\u017euji za velmi ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9. T\u0159i \u010desk\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby publikuj\u00ed na sv\u00fdch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch\u00a0[24]\u00a0s\u00a0r\u016fznou m\u00edrou transparentnosti sv\u00e9 organiza\u010dn\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed. Z\u00a0n\u00e1zv\u016f post\u016f vysok\u00fdch funkcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f (n\u00e1m\u011bstk\u016f \u0159editel\u016f) zjist\u00edme zcela konf\u00fazn\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0term\u00ednem\u00a0zpravodajstv\u00ed.<\/i>\u00a0Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017eba (BIS) rozli\u0161uje n\u00e1m\u011bstka pro anal\u00fdzu a n\u00e1m\u011bstka pro zpravodajstv\u00ed (logicky odvozeno t\u00edm m\u00edn\u00ed operativu). \u00da\u0159ad pro zahrani\u010dn\u00ed styky a informace (\u00daZSI) p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 jin\u00e9 pojet\u00ed – m\u00e1 n\u00e1m\u011bstka pro zpravodajstv\u00ed a operace; \u201ezpravodajstv\u00edm\u201c zde je tedy – logicky – m\u00edn\u011bna sp\u00ed\u0161e analytika. Vojensk\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed) VZ nazna\u010duje dal\u0161\u00ed zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 pod v\u00fdrazem \u201ezpravodajsk\u00fd v\u00fdkon\u201c vytu\u0161\u00edme slou\u010den\u00fd sb\u011br i anal\u00fdzu. Vypov\u00edd\u00e1 to, \u017ee v\u00a0\u010cesku neexistuje kodifikovan\u00e1 a v\u0161em organizac\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00e1 podoba terminologie baz\u00e1ln\u00edch term\u00edn\u016f.\u00a0[25]<\/p>

\u0160est pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h4>

Pro dal\u0161\u00ed objasn\u011bn\u00ed mnohov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho term\u00ednu zpravodajstv\u00ed pova\u017euji za nezbytn\u00e9 p\u0159ipojit \u0161est dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch pozn\u00e1mek.<\/p>

1)\u00a0<\/b>Ve zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch se v\u00fdrazem\u00a0(raw)<\/i>\u00a0information<\/i>\u00a0(surov\u00e1 informace) v\u011bt\u0161inou rozum\u00ed to, co do slu\u017eby\u00a0vstupuje\u00a0<\/b>ve f\u00e1zi sb\u011bru, tedy z\u00edskan\u00e1 data, a v\u00fdrazem\u00a0finished intelligence<\/i>\u00a0(vyhodnocen\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 poznatky) to, co slu\u017eba\u00a0produkuje<\/b>, co je ji\u017e zpracov\u00e1no a vyhodnoceno. Plat\u00ed heslo – \u201eall intelligence is information; not all information is intelligence\u201c.<\/p>

Rozmanit\u00e9 prameny z\u00a0oboru informatiky se sna\u017e\u00ed definovat abstraktn\u00ed pojmy jako jsou \u201edata\u201c, \u201einformace\u201c, \u201eznalosti\u201c. Na toto pole z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nechci vstupovat, scholastick\u00e9 srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdznamu t\u011bchto v\u00fdraz\u016f nepova\u017euji v\u00a0tuto chv\u00edli za p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i z\u00a0nehlubok\u00e9ho pohledu je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee zpravodajstv\u00ed (intelligence<\/i>) je \u010d\u00edmsi v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e pojmy ostatn\u00ed. Manu\u00e1l americk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed p\u011bchoty o zpravodajstv\u00ed\u00a0[26]\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u201eZpravodajstv\u00ed (intelligence<\/i>) je v\u00edce ne\u017e n\u011bjak\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st dat nebo n\u011bjak\u00e9 seskupen\u00ed informac\u00ed; je to podstatn\u00e1 znalost. Znalost (knowledge<\/i>) zauj\u00edm\u00e1 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00ed hierarchii \u2013 soustav\u011b rozli\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy informac\u00ed.\u201c Viz p\u0159ejat\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky:<\/p>

\"\"<\/p>

\u00a0Obr\u00e1zek 4.1. Hierarchie informac\u00ed (p\u0159evzato z MCWP, 2003, str. 11)<\/p>

\"\"<\/p>

Obr\u00e1zek 4.2. Vztah prost\u0159ed\u00ed, dat, informac\u00ed a zpravodajsk\u00fdch poznatk\u016f dle doktr\u00edny spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1b\u016f americk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil (p\u0159evzato z JP 2-0, 2007, str. I-2)<\/p>

2)\u00a0<\/b>Sb\u011br, ulo\u017een\u00ed a ut\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00fdch informac\u00ed je \u010dinnost tradi\u010dn\u011b\u00a0p\u0159edimenzovan\u00e1<\/b>. Do zpravodajsk\u00e9 organizace vstupuje nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 (redundantn\u00ed) mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed, a p\u0159edem se v\u00ed, \u017ee jen mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z nich se uk\u00e1\u017ee jako v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1. Jen\u017ee se p\u0159edem nev\u00ed, kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st to bude.<\/p>

3)\u00a0<\/b>Kohutiar[27]\u00a0up\u0159es\u0148uje v\u00fdznam \u201ezpravodajstv\u00ed jako produktu\u201c takto: \u201e Spravodajsk\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia je tak\u00fd druh inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 1) sa d\u00e1 \u0165a\u017eko z\u00edska\u0165 a\/alebo je chr\u00e1nen\u00e1; 2) je potrebn\u00e1 pre\u00a0rozhodovac\u00ed<\/b>\u00a0proces (vl\u00e1dy). Obidve podmienky musia by\u0165 splnen\u00e9 naraz.\u201c Chce t\u00edm zpravodajsk\u00e9\u00a0 organizace si sv\u00e1 t\u00e9mata neur\u010duj\u00ed ze sv\u00e9vole \u010di rozmaru; mus\u00ed se \u0159\u00eddit po\u017eadavky legitimn\u00edch autorit.<\/p>

4)\u00a0<\/b>Zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nejen aktu\u00e1ln\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00edch, ale i\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch<\/b>\u00a0situac\u00ed. Zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba mus\u00ed hledat odpov\u011bdi nejen na ot\u00e1zky o tom, \u201eco je\u201c, ale i \u201eco bude<\/b>\u201c a \u201eco by mohlo b\u00fdt<\/b>\u201c. Zpravodajstv\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt proaktivn\u00ed a prognostick\u00e9.<\/p>

5)\u00a0<\/b>Ka\u017ed\u00fd spr\u00e1vn\u011b tu\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost nemus\u00ed kon\u010dit \u201ejen\u201c z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00edm a zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace, ale i jej\u00edm\u00a0aktivn\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm<\/b>. Mo\u017eno \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u010dinnost zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v\u011bt\u0161iny st\u00e1t\u016f sest\u00e1v\u00e1 nejm\u00e9n\u011b z\u00a095, mo\u017en\u00e1 i z 99% z\u00a0aktivit, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed na ot\u00e1zky typu \u201ejak to tam vlastn\u011b je?\u201c, \u201eco te\u010f zam\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed?\u201c. Jsou to odpov\u011bdi na klasick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky\u00a0kdo, co, kdy, kde a pro\u010d<\/i>, eventu\u00e1ln\u011b\u00a0jak<\/i>\u00a0(v angli\u010dtin\u011b pravidlo \u201e5 W\u201c: who, what, when, where, why).<\/p>

N\u011bkdy je v\u0161ak pot\u0159eba p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0protiopat\u0159en\u00ed<\/b>, tedy k prevenci ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje (\u201eto jim mus\u00edme zt\u00ed\u017eit\u201c). Nap\u0159. zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba s\u00a0vnit\u0159n\u00ed p\u016fsobnost\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee aplikovat n\u011bjak\u00fd druh protiopat\u0159en\u00ed, vhodn\u00fd v\u00a0boji s\u00a0terorismem \u010di organizovan\u00fdm zlo\u010dinem.<\/p>

V\u00a0arsen\u00e1lu \u010dinnosti v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb velmoc\u00ed existuje tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v utajen\u00e9m aktivn\u00edm ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdvoje v\u00a0ciz\u00ed zem\u00ed (\u201emus\u00edme za\u0159\u00eddit, aby se stalo\u201c). To jsou proslul\u00e1\u00a0pop\u00edran\u00e1<\/b>\u00a0aktivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/b>\u00a0(covert actions<\/i>) a ve\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dasech\u00a0klamn\u00e9 operace<\/b>\u00a0(deception<\/i>).<\/p>

6)\u00a0<\/b>Pro\u010d se v textu vyh\u00fdb\u00e1m slovu \u201e\u0161pion\u00e1\u017e\u201d?<\/p>

Nen\u00ed to proto, \u017ee v\u00fdraz\u00a0\u0161pion\u00e1\u017e<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e1 u\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti publika p\u0159\u00eddech \u010dehosi \u0161pinav\u00e9ho; v\u017edy\u0165 pro jin\u00e9 publikum zase titul knihy obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed toto slovo zaru\u010d\u00ed prodejnost. Je to proto, \u017ee \u0161pion\u00e1\u017e a kontra\u0161pion\u00e1\u017e pova\u017euji za pouze\u00a0jedno z\u00a0pracovn\u00edch pol\u00ed\u00a0<\/b>(n\u00e1pln\u00ed \u010dinnosti) dne\u0161n\u00edch zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb a slo\u017eek. Devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 stolet\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b pr\u00e1vem mohlo\u00a0zpravodajstv\u00ed<\/i>\u00a0a\u00a0\u0161pion\u00e1\u017e<\/i>\u00a0pova\u017eovat za synonyma. Dnes je tomu jinak; n\u00e1pl\u0148 pojmu a \u010dinnost zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed a diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Do p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 definice z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b chci zahrnout r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy zpravodajstv\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad zpravodajstv\u00ed policejn\u00edho, ba i priv\u00e1tn\u00edho.<\/p>

Definice v\u00a0literatu\u0159e<\/h4>

Encyklopedie \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ee v\u00a0\u00favodu (Chura\u0148 a kol., 2000, str. 7-8) velmi zda\u0159ile p\u0159ibli\u017euje povahu zpravodajsk\u00e9 bran\u017ee:\u00a0[28]<\/p>

\u201eTajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby jsou tajn\u00e9 proto, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00ed metodou jejich \u010dinnosti je konspirace, to znamen\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby utajov\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f, osob, kter\u00e9 je pln\u00ed, a\u00a0zp\u016fsob\u016f a\u00a0prost\u0159edk\u016f, jimi\u017e spln\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f dosahuj\u00ed. Tato charakteristika ov\u0161em \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee jde o\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed \u010di v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0h\u016f\u0159e \u010di l\u00e9pe uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 a\u00a0vybaven\u00e9 organizace, ne nezbytn\u011b st\u00e1tn\u00ed. Ale tak tomu je a\u017e v\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch etap\u00e1ch historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku byla pot\u0159eba z\u00edsk\u00e1vat informace o\u00a0ciz\u00edch kmenech a\u00a0pozd\u011bji o\u00a0st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bji organizovan\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, a\u00a0to v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0veden\u00edm boj\u016f a\u00a0v\u00e1lek. Nen\u00ed ur\u010dit\u011b t\u0159eba p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysv\u011btlovat, jakou v\u00fdhodu m\u00e1 v\u016fdce vojska, kdy\u017e v\u00ed, kde stoj\u00ed bojovn\u00edci nep\u0159\u00edtele, jak jsou po\u010detn\u00ed, jakou maj\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj, kde je ter\u00e9n vhodn\u00fd k\u00a0boji, jak lze nep\u0159\u00edtele obej\u00edt a\u00a0napadnout zezadu atd. To ji\u017e od prad\u00e1vna zji\u0161\u0165ovali v\u00a0dob\u011b nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed lid\u00e9, jim\u017e se \u0159\u00edkalo zv\u011bdov\u00e9 \u010di \u0161pehov\u00e9. Proto\u017ee p\u0159i jejich zpravodajstv\u00ed \u0161lo o\u00a0ot\u00e1zky \u017eivota a\u00a0smrti kmen\u016f a\u00a0st\u00e1t\u016f, byla jejich \u010dinnost krajn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 \u2013 p\u0159i dopaden\u00ed byli obvykle nemilosrdn\u011b usmrceni, \u010dasto velmi krut\u011b. Utajovat vyzv\u011bda\u010dstv\u00ed tedy bylo a\u00a0dodnes mnohde je rovn\u011b\u017e ot\u00e1zkou \u017eivota a\u00a0smrti.<\/p>

Pozd\u011bji se vyzv\u011bda\u010dstv\u00ed za\u010dalo provozovat i\u00a0v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch m\u00edru. Zji\u0161\u0165ovalo se, zda ciz\u00ed st\u00e1t m\u00e1 v\u016fbec v\u00a0\u00famyslu v\u00e9st v\u00e1lku \u2013 a\u00a0tak krom\u011b informac\u00ed \u010dist\u011b vojensk\u00e9 povahy (po\u010detnost, organizace, rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdzbroj vojska) se p\u0159edm\u011btem vyzv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed staly politick\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry st\u00e1tu a\u00a0toto zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed se rychle stalo trvalou \u010dinnost\u00ed. Proto\u017ee moc st\u00e1tu ur\u010duje i\u00a0jeho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 s\u00edla, p\u0159ibylo k\u00a0\u00fakol\u016fm zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti brzy tak\u00e9 zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch a\u00a0pozd\u011bji i\u00a0v\u011bdecko-technick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. A\u00a0proto\u017ee v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m rozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b vznikaj\u00ed strany v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0m\u00edrov\u00e9, pro jin\u00fd st\u00e1t p\u0159\u00e1telsky \u010di nep\u0159\u00e1telsky p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed, vznikala pot\u0159eba p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 tendence podporovat a\u00a0druh\u00e9 potla\u010dovat. Rodily se \u010dinnosti vlivov\u00e9, a\u00a0v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0nimi zejm\u00e9na podpl\u00e1cen\u00ed a\u00a0vyd\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. Naopak byl z\u00e1jem \u00famysly vlastn\u00edho st\u00e1tu zast\u00edrat, co\u017e bylo po\u010d\u00e1tkem r\u016fzn\u00fdch dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed. Tyto a\u00a0mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f v\u0161ak ji\u017e nemohl plnit kdokoli. Vznikla pot\u0159eba budovat s\u00edt\u011b a\u00a0pozd\u011bji postupn\u011b st\u00e1le dokonalej\u0161\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e9 by uveden\u00e9 c\u00edle profesion\u00e1ln\u011b obstar\u00e1valy. Sou\u010dasn\u011b rostla pot\u0159eba znemo\u017e\u0148ovat stejnou \u010dinnost ciz\u00edch profesion\u00e1l\u016f ve vlastn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b.\u201c<\/p>

Pro teorii zpravodajstv\u00ed je ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed literatura americk\u00e9 provenience. Mimo USA se v\u0161ak v\u00a0podstat\u011b jen opisuje.\u00a0[29]\u00a0Americk\u00e1 literatura sd\u00edl\u00ed a z\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku do \u010dl\u00e1nku opisuje n\u011bkter\u00e9 r\u00e1doby axiomy. Hojn\u011b se uv\u00e1d\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pojet\u00ed, podle m\u00e9ho soudu chybn\u00e9, je\u017e vyjmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fadajn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti zpravodajstv\u00ed: \u201e\u2026zpravodajstv\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee podle typ\u016f \u010dinnost\u00ed, je\u017e se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, rozd\u011blit na \u010dty\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u010dasto \u201aprvky (elements<\/i>) zpravodajstv\u00ed\u201b: sb\u011br, anal\u00fdzu, pop\u00edran\u00e1 aktivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0counterintelligence<\/i>.\u201d\u00a0[30]\u00a0Tato frekventovan\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed nekriticky (\u010di l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno automaticky) p\u0159ej\u00edmaj\u00ed i auto\u0159i evrop\u0161t\u00ed, ke \u0161kod\u011b v\u011bci. Cituje je i v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 kolektivn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce autor\u016f z\u00a0DCAF:\u00a0[31]\u00a0\u201eZpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby ve v\u0161eobecnosti maj\u00ed t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce: sb\u011br informac\u00ed, jejich anal\u00fdzu a \u2212 jako inherentn\u00ed slo\u017eku ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho zpravodajstv\u00ed \u2212\u00a0counterintelligence<\/i>. St\u00e1le siln\u011bji se diskutuje, zda tak zvan\u00e9\u00a0covert actions<\/i>\u00a0(\u010dtvrt\u00e1, sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u00e1 funkce slu\u017eeb s\u00a0vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u016fsobnost\u00ed) jsou v\u00a0modern\u00edm demokratick\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b n\u00e1strojem p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm.\u201c<\/p>

Tento p\u0159\u00edstup pova\u017euji za zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed a myln\u00fd, nebo\u0165 uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nejsou symetrick\u00fdmi kategoriemi. Kategorizuje se zde zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jako:\u00a0Klobouky d\u011bl\u00edme na 1) velk\u00e9, 2) zelen\u00e9 a 3) \u010depice.<\/i><\/p>

Toti\u017e:<\/p>

  • Sb\u011br a anal\u00fdza jsou dv\u011b\u00a0f\u00e1ze<\/b>\u00a0pracovn\u00edho cyklu zpravodajc\u016f;<\/li>
  • tzv.\u00a0counterintelligence<\/i>\u00a0je jedn\u00edm (a to defensivn\u00edm) ze\u00a0zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/b>\u00a0zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti;<\/li>
  • a uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed\u00a0covert actions<\/i>\u00a0je specificky americk\u00fd v\u00fdraz pro aktivn\u00ed \u010dinnosti v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/li><\/ul>

    Jak jsem ji\u017e shora nejednou zd\u016fraznil, b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 americk\u00e9 definice pojmu\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0zu\u017euj\u00ed jeho obsah na\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00ed<\/i>\u00a0zpravodajstv\u00ed.\u00a0[32]\u00a0Nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9, \u017ee ameri\u010dt\u00ed auto\u0159i jsou p\u0159esp\u0159\u00edli\u0161 sv\u00e1z\u00e1ni americk\u00fdmi re\u00e1liemi a nep\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed meze p\u0159edchoz\u00edch americk\u00fdch pokus\u016f o teorii zpravodajstv\u00ed \u2013 tr\u010d\u00ed v\u00a0americk\u00e9m paradigmatu. Debata o definici obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b uchopiteln\u00e9ho pojmu zpravodajstv\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u00a0USA neust\u00e1v\u00e1. Esejistick\u00fd rozbor pojmu\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0pod\u00e1v\u00e1 Troy;\u00a0[33]\u00a0v\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku kritizuje pojet\u00ed Kentovo, ale s\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dnou opravenou definici nenab\u00edz\u00ed. Troy na z\u00e1v\u011br def\u00e9tisticky cituje FitzGibbonovu (1977) stru\u010dnou, ba p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fadernou definici: \u201eIntelligence is knowledge of the enemy. = Zpravodajstv\u00ed je znalost nep\u0159\u00edtele.\u201c Nov\u00e9 pokusy definovat zpravodajstv\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce Warnerova (2002)\u00a0[34]\u00a0a studie z\u00a0produkce think-tanku RAND (Treverton et al, 2006).\u00a0[35]<\/p>

    Lowenthal (2000) je pedagogicky p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed zku\u0161en\u00fd syntetik. Sna\u017e\u00ed se na\u0161e t\u00e9ma shrnout um\u011b\u0159en\u011b do definice takto: \u201eZpravodajstv\u00ed je proces, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e jsou vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ny, sesb\u00edr\u00e1ny, analyzov\u00e1ny a pot\u00e9 tv\u016frc\u016fm politiky poskytnuty specifick\u00e9 informace, v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost; je to tak\u00e9 produkt tohoto procesu; je to tak\u00e9 ochrana t\u011bchto informac\u00ed a proces\u016f, zabezpe\u010dovan\u00e1 kontrarozv\u011bdn\u00fdmi aktivitami; a je to prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed operac\u00ed, vy\u017e\u00e1dan\u00fdch legitimn\u00edmi p\u0159edstaviteli vl\u00e1dy.\u201c\u00a0[36]<\/p>

    M\u00e1m za to, \u017ee p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u00edce konsensu\u00e1ln\u00ed definici z\u00a0odborn\u00e9 literatury nevydolujeme. Tak\u017ee n\u00ed\u017ee nab\u00edz\u00edm vlastn\u00ed pokus o definici.<\/p>

    Z\u00e1v\u011br – roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 definice<\/h4>

    Zpravodajstv\u00ed je z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e1 a systematick\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje v\u0161echny f\u00e1ze utajovan\u00e9ho z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed utajen\u00fdch \u010di latentn\u00edch informac\u00ed protihr\u00e1\u010de \u010di protivn\u00edka a d\u00e1le n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 jejich p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edjemci. Jejich \u00fa\u010delem je odpov\u011bd\u011bt na relevantn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky a\/nebo z\u00edskat v\u010dasn\u00e9 varov\u00e1n\u00ed, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k\u00a0napl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00ed budouc\u00edch krok\u016f. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti jsou aktivity chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed vlastn\u00ed utajovan\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti. Jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tak\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt utajen\u00e9 preventivn\u00ed a aktivn\u00ed z\u00e1sahy do protivn\u00edkova prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/b><\/p><\/div>

    \u00a0<\/h4>

    P\u0159\u00edloha – Pojem zpravodajstv\u00ed v\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00e9 terminologii<\/h4>

    PhDr. Daniel Radom\u011b\u0159sk\u00fd\u00a0[37]<\/p>

    Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, univers\u00e1ln\u00edm a sou\u010dasn\u011b zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdrazem n\u011bmeck\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 terminologie je\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst\u00a0<\/i>(se z\u00e1kladem\u00a0die Nachricht<\/i>, zpr\u00e1va), znamenaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti stejn\u011b jako v \u010desk\u00e9m jazyce t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b zpravodajskou slu\u017ebu ve smyslu instituce.\u00a0[38]\u00a0Pojem \u201ezpravodajstv\u00ed jako \u010dinnost\u201c se zpravidla op\u00ed\u0161e pomoc\u00ed adjektiva, pokud nepou\u017eijeme m\u00e9n\u011b frekventovan\u00fd v\u00fdraz\u00a0das Nachrichtenwesen<\/i>. V\u00fdraz\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0ve smyslu pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed instituce\u00a0(der Bundesnachrichtendienst,\u00a0<\/i>BND, Spolkov\u00e1 zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba) se ob\u010das nahrazuje stru\u010dn\u00fdm\u00a0der Dienst\u00a0<\/i>( slu\u017eba).\u00a0[39]\u00a0Rakousko pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro ozna\u010den\u00ed sv\u00e9 (vojensk\u00e9) zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby term\u00edn\u00a0das Nachrichtenamt\u00a0<\/i>(Zpravodajsk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad). Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm z\u00e1kladu\u00a0die Nachricht<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e1\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0v\u010detn\u011b odvozen\u00e9 terminologie samoz\u0159ejm\u011b velmi \u00fazk\u00fd etymologick\u00fd vztah k\u00a0\u017eurnalistick\u00e9mu zpravodajstv\u00ed.\u00a0[40]<\/p>

    Der Nachrichtendienst\u00a0<\/i>(ND)<\/i>\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt jak zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 aktivity \u2013\u00a0der Auslandsnachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0(vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, zahrani\u010dn\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba) a\u00a0der Innlandsnachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0(vnit\u0159n\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba), tak i v\u00fdznam u\u017e\u0161\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro (zahrani\u010dn\u00ed) rozv\u011bdnou \u010dinnost (nap\u0159.\u00a0der Bundesnachrichtendienst, BND<\/i>). Prot\u011bj\u0161kem tohoto term\u00ednu je v dan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pojem\u00a0der Sicherheitsdienst (SD)<\/i>, kter\u00fd ozna\u010duje sou\u010dasn\u011b (dom\u00e1c\u00ed) kontrarozv\u011bdnou \u010dinnosti i jakoukoliv jinou bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed slu\u017ebu ve smyslu instituce nebo \u010dinnosti, ale zejm\u00e9na pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 (1932-1945) zpravodajsk\u00e9 slo\u017eky SS.<\/p>

    Zat\u00edmco terminologie vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze substantiva\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0je profesn\u00ed a zcela profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed, shodn\u011b u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 substantivum\u00a0der Geheimdienst<\/i>\u00a0(tajn\u00e1 slu\u017eba) sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e o \u017eurnalistick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu ke zpravodajsk\u00e9 tematice, co\u017e ov\u0161em neplat\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b. V\u00fdraz toti\u017e lze na profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni pou\u017e\u00edt i pro zpravodajskou slu\u017ebu protivn\u00edka.\u00a0[41]<\/p>

    Samostatnou zm\u00ednku zasluhuje tradicionalistick\u00fd v\u00fdraz\u00a0die Aufkl\u00e4rung<\/i>\u00a0(objas\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, osv\u011bta, osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed), ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v dan\u00e9m kontextu sou\u010dasn\u011b zpravodajstv\u00ed, rozv\u011bdnou \u010dinnost i (vojensk\u00fd) pr\u016fzkum. Term\u00edn se obsahov\u011b v\u00e1\u017ee ke zejm\u00e9na zpravodajstv\u00ed o zahrani\u010d\u00ed, co\u017e lze zd\u016fraznit slo\u017eeninou\u00a0die Auslandsaufkl\u00e4rung<\/i>.\u00a0[42]\u00a0Odvozen\u00fdm substantivem je nap\u0159. pojem\u00a0die Aufkl\u00e4rungsarbeit<\/i>\u00a0(rozv\u011bdn\u00e1 \u010dinnost). Vysloven\u011b archaick\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm pro zpravodajskou \u010dinnost nebo slu\u017ebu je pojem\u00a0der Kundschaftsdienst<\/i>, k\u00a0n\u011bmu\u017e se dru\u017e\u00ed pojmy:\u00a0die Kundschaft<\/i>\u00a0(zpr\u00e1va, vyzv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed),\u00a0das Auskundschaften<\/i>\u00a0(vyzv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed) a\u00a0der Kundschafter<\/i>\u00a0(zv\u011bd, \u0161peh, zpravodajec).\u00a0[43]<\/p>

    Dal\u0161\u00edmi term\u00edny, jim\u017e je t\u0159eba v\u00a0dan\u00e9 souvislosti v\u011bnovat pozornost, jsou\u00a0die Spionage<\/i>,\u00a0die Abwehr, der Verfassungsschutz<\/i>,\u00a0der Abschirmdienst\u00a0<\/i>a\u00a0der Staatsschutz<\/i>. Term\u00edn\u00a0die Spionage<\/i>\u00a0(\u0161pion\u00e1\u017e), p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b\u00a0der Spionagedienst<\/i>\u00a0(\u0161pion\u00e1\u017en\u00ed slu\u017eba) m\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9m jazyce relativn\u011b negativn\u011b hodnot\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam; \u0161pion\u00e1\u017e\u00ed toti\u017e v\u011bt\u0161inou rozum\u00edme zpravodajskou \u010dinnost protivn\u00edka. V\u00a0profesn\u00ed terminologii se proto pojem\u00a0die Spionage<\/i>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b v\u00a0uveden\u00e9m konfronta\u010dn\u00edm kontextu, mimo jin\u00e9 v kombinaci s\u00a0v\u00fdrazy\u00a0die Abwehr<\/i>, tedy\u00a0die Spionageabwehr<\/i>\u00a0(kontra\u0161pion\u00e1\u017e, kontrarozv\u011bdn\u00e1 \u010dinnost), p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b\u00a0die Gegenspionage<\/i>, co\u017e jsou profesn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed jedn\u00e9 ze st\u011b\u017eejn\u00edch obrann\u00fdch zpravodajsk\u00fdch aktivit. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit, \u017ee term\u00edn\u00a0die Abwehr<\/i>\u00a0(nejobecn\u011bji: obrana, odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed) s\u00e1m p\u0159esahuje u\u017e\u0161\u00ed r\u00e1mec kontra\u0161pion\u00e1\u017en\u00ed \u010dinnosti, prakticky zahrnuje cel\u00e9 spektrum (defensivn\u00edch) \u010dinnost\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby a t\u00edmto takto se rovn\u011b\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 zpravodajsk\u00e1 slo\u017eka mezi lety 1921-1944, provozuj\u00edc\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzv\u011bdnou \u010dinnost.<\/p>

    Vnit\u0159n\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba jako instituce se dnes ozna\u010duje v N\u011bmecku sv\u00e9bytn\u00fdm novotvarem\u00a0das Bundesamt f\u00fcr Verfassungschutz,\u00a0<\/i>BfV , nebo zkr\u00e1cen\u011b\u00a0der Verfassungschutz<\/i>\u00a0(Spolkov\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad pro ochranu \u00fastavy, Ochrana \u00fastavy). Obdobn\u011b (teprve ned\u00e1vno, 2002) zavedlo i Rakousko pro svou vnit\u0159n\u00ed slu\u017ebu ozna\u010den\u00ed\u00a0das Bundesamt f\u00fcr Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbek\u00e4mpfung,\u00a0<\/i>BVT (Spolkov\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad pro ochranu \u00fastavy a boj proti terorismu).<\/p>

    V\u00fdraz\u00a0der Verfassungsschutz<\/i>\u00a0representuje sou\u010dasn\u011b vlastn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed instituce i vykon\u00e1vanou \u010dinnost \u2013\u00a0der nachrichtendienstliche Verfassungsschutz<\/i>\u00a0(zpravodajskou ochranu \u00fastavy).\u00a0[44]\u00a0Podobn\u011b sv\u00e9bytn\u00e9 je ozna\u010den\u00ed\u00a0der Milit\u00e4rische Abschirmdienst,\u00a0<\/i>MAD pro vojensk\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed (se z\u00e1kladem\u00a0die Abschirmung<\/i>, ochrana, obrana). By\u0165 m\u016f\u017ee term\u00edn\u00a0der Abschirmdienst<\/i>\u00a0jako ochrann\u00e1 nebo obrann\u00e1 slu\u017eba m\u00edt \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se prakticky pouze v\u00a0dan\u00e9m vojensk\u00e9m kontextu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e op\u011bt representuje jak vlastn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed instituce, tak i vykon\u00e1vanou \u010dinnost.<\/p>

    Posledn\u00edm sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00fdm term\u00ednem je substantivum\u00a0der Staatsschutz<\/i>, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010duje (zpravodajskou) ochranu st\u00e1tu a defensivn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed. V N\u011bmecku se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b pro politick\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed a kontrarozv\u011bdnou \u010dinnost zaji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00e9 krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed polici\u00ed. Naproti tomu v Rakousku tradi\u010dn\u011b ozna\u010duje (nebo ozna\u010doval) cel\u00fd komplex vnit\u0159n\u00edho zpravodajstv\u00ed (tematicky i institucion\u00e1ln\u011b), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e k\u00a0n\u011bmu mus\u00edme p\u0159i\u0159adit i v\u00fdrazy\u00a0die Staatspolizei, Stapo\u00a0<\/i>(st\u00e1tn\u00ed, politick\u00e1 nebo zpravodajsk\u00e1 policie) a\u00a0der staatspolizeiliche Dienst<\/i>\u00a0(st\u00e1tn\u011b policejn\u00ed slu\u017eba), kter\u00e9 byly v\u00a0N\u011bmecku (na rozd\u00edl od Rakouska) po roce 1945 antikvov\u00e1ny s\u00a0ohledem na neblah\u00e9 vyzn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1zvu b\u00fdval\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed policie (die Geheime Staatspolizei, Gestapo<\/i>).<\/p>

    Pozn\u00e1mky<\/h4>

    [1]\u00a0Lowenthal, Mark M., 2000, p. 1, 5-8. Drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina knih o zpravodajsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 kapitolkou \u201eWhat Is Intelligence?\u201c.<\/p><\/div>

    [2]\u00a0It [intelligence] is often derived from information that is concealed or not intended to be available for use by the acquirer.\u201d<\/i>\u00a0Americk\u00e9 definice zpravodajstv\u00ed na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch r\u016fzn\u00fdch slo\u017eek americk\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 komunity se opakuj\u00ed, \u010dasto i doslova. Jde o sd\u00edlen\u00e9 a opisovan\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze a nelze ur\u010dit jejich origin\u00e1ln\u00ed autory. Uveden\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed je na\u00a0http:\/\/www.intelligence.gov\/2-character.shtml, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p><\/div>

    [3]\u00a0Nutno uv\u00e9st, \u017ee zpravodajci n\u011bkdy z\u00edskaj\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 informace i nez\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b, tj. ani\u017e se po nich pl\u00e1novit\u011b p\u00eddili. \u0158ada zpravodajsk\u00fdch informac\u00ed je\u00a0by-product<\/i>\u00a0a n\u00e1hoda p\u0159eje p\u0159ipraven\u00fdm.<\/p><\/div>

    [4]\u00a0\u201eAll attempts to develop ambitious theories of intelligence have failed.\u201d\u00a0<\/i>Lacqueur, W., 1985, p. 8., cit. sec. z Michael Warner, \u201cWanted: A Definition of “Intelligence”\u201d, Studies In Intelligence, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2002.<\/p><\/div>

    [5]\u00a0Hais, K., Hodek, B., 1984, \u201eVelk\u00fd anglicko-\u010desk\u00fd slovn\u00edk\u201c, Academia, Praha:<\/p>

    1. inteligence, schopnost ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed a samostatn\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, d\u016fvtip, rozumn\u00fd n\u00e1pad; porozum\u011bn\u00ed of \u010demu, pochopen\u00ed \u010deho (the ~ of the mysteries of science<\/i>), vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed<\/li>
    2. p\u0159en. mozek \/ mozky osoba \/ osoby vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed inteligence<\/li>
    3. zpr\u00e1va \/ zpr\u00e1vy, informace (sg i pl)\u00a0of<\/i>\u00a0o, (have secret ~ of the enemy’s plans<\/i>); v\u00fdm\u011bna informac\u00ed, styk (maintain ~ with the enemy<\/i>\u00a0.. udr\u017eovat … s nep\u0159\u00edtelem)<\/li>
    4. zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, \u0161pion\u00e1\u017e; zpravodajsk\u00e1 slu\u017eba, tajn\u00e1 slu\u017eba (Navy ~ … v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva)<\/li><\/ol><\/div>

      [6]\u00a0Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,\u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence_%28disambiguation%29; Last modified on 30 October 2008.
      Intelligence may refer to:
      Cognition
      Intelligence\u00a0– overview of intelligence in humans;\u00a0Animal intelligence;\u00a0Artificial intelligence\u00a0;\u00a0Emotional intelligence\u00a0;
      General intelligence;\u00a0Intelligence quotient, IQ testing;\u00a0Systems intelligence;\u00a0Theory of multiple intelligences;\u00a0Triarchic theory of intelligence;\u00a0Social intelligence;\u00a0Collective intelligence.
      Information gathering
      Intelligence (information gathering);\u00a0Business intelligence;\u00a0Competitive intelligence;\u00a0Criminal intelligence;\u00a0Marketing intelligence;\u00a0Military intelligence;\u00a0Police Intelligence;\u00a0Intelligence agency;\u00a0HUMINT\u00a0(abbreviation of “Human Intelligence”).<\/p><\/div>

      [7]\u00a0Osvaldov\u00e1, B., Halada, J. a kol., \u201eEncyklopedie praktick\u00e9 \u017eurnalistiky\u201c, 1999, Praha.<\/p><\/div>

      [8]\u00a0Tradi\u010dn\u00ed vtip z\u00a0anglick\u00e9ho a americk\u00e9ho arm\u00e1dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed o vojensk\u00fdch zpravodajc\u00edch t\u011b\u017e\u00ed z\u00a0dvoj\u00edho v\u00fdznamu slova: \u201eMilitary intelligence<\/i>\u00a0is a contradictio in terms<\/i>.\u201c \u201eMilitary intelligence<\/i>\u00a0je naprost\u00fd protimluv.\u201c Proto\u017ee\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e1 zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd dvoj\u00ed v\u00fdznam, je to vtip do \u010de\u0161tiny nep\u0159elo\u017eiteln\u00fd.<\/p><\/div>

      [9]\u00a0National.<\/i><\/p><\/div>

      [10]\u00a0Nezapome\u0148me, \u017ee v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podstatn\u00fdm i p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem.<\/p><\/div>

      [11]\u00a0Kent, 1949, p. ix.<\/p><\/div>

      [12]\u00a0\u201eIntelligence as\u00a0<\/i>product: Intelligence can be thought of as the product of these processes\u201d.\u00a0<\/i>Lowenthal, 2000, str. 8.<\/p><\/div>

      [13]\u00a0Schulsky, A. N. a Schmitt, G.J., 2002, p. 1.<\/p><\/div>

      [14]\u00a0Kent, 1949, p. ix.<\/p><\/div>

      [15]\u00a0Lowenthal, 2000, str. 8.<\/p><\/div>

      [16]\u00a0The 9-11 Commission Report, \u201cGlossary\u201d, p. 7. \u201cIntelligence\u201d [is] \u201c(1) A body of evidence and the conclusions drawn there from acquired and furnished in response to the known or perceived requirements of customers; it is often derived from information that is concealed or not intended to be available for use by the acquirer. (2) A term used to refer collectively to the functions, activities, or organizations that are involved in the process of planning, gathering, and analyzing information of potential value to decision-makers and to the production of intelligence as defined above. (3) The product resulting from the collection, collation, evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all collected information\u201d.<\/p><\/div>

      [17]\u00a0Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdznamn\u00fd americk\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pramen Executive Order 12333 (Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed prezidenta Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f 12333) z roku 1981 definuje zpravodajstv\u00ed takto: \u201cTimely and accurate information about the activities, capabilities, plans, and intentions of\u00a0foreign<\/b>\u00a0powers, organizations, and persons and their agents, is essential to the national security of the United States. All reasonable and lawful means must be used to ensure that the United States will receive the best intelligence available\u201d.<\/p><\/div>

      [18]\u00a0Sta\u010d\u00ed si na webu otev\u0159\u00edt str\u00e1nky policejn\u00edch sbor\u016f americk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f nebo velk\u00fdch americk\u00fdch m\u011bst a po chv\u00edli naleznete n\u011bjakou lok\u00e1ln\u00ed\u00a0Intelligence Unit<\/i>, n\u011bkdy kamuflovanou pod r\u016fzn\u00fdmi eufemistick\u00fdmi n\u00e1zvy. Nap\u0159.:\u00a0http:\/\/www.state.nj.us\/njsp\/divorg\/invest\/intel.html\u00a0nebohttp:\/\/www.lapdonline.org\/inside_the_lapd\/content_basic_view\/6502\u00a0nebo\u00a0http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/nypd\/html\/administration\/intelligence_co.shtml. Ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008. Obdobn\u011b ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii, Austr\u00e1lii atd.<\/p><\/div>

      [19]\u00a0V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb s\u00a0vnit\u0159n\u00ed p\u016fsobnost\u00ed se p\u0159ipojuje zp\u0159es\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed\u00a0security<\/i>\u00a0intelligence nebo\u00a0domestic<\/i>\u00a0intelligence.<\/p><\/div>

      [20]\u00a0Ale\u00a0p\u0159edsov\u011btsk\u00e9<\/i>\u00a0ru\u0161tiny!<\/p><\/div>

      [21]\u00a0Term\u00edn\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0ve v\u00fdznamu\u00a0analytick\u00fd<\/i>\u00a0je dosti frekventovan\u00fd v\u00a0anglick\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m \u00fazu v\u00a0bran\u017ei\u00a0mimo<\/b>\u00a0tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 je jeho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u0159. v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch obor\u016f \u2013 viz t\u0159eba renomovan\u00fd Economist Intelligence Unit (http:\/\/www.eiu.com\/index.asp?rf=0\u00a0; ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008).<\/p><\/div>

      [22]\u00a0Pro \u010desk\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159e je toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed zcela nep\u0159ekonateln\u00fd o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ek. Bohu\u017eel ani mnoz\u00ed p\u0159ekladatel\u00e9 knih, a\u0165 beletrie \u010di popul\u00e1rn\u011b nau\u010dn\u00fdch d\u011bl, na tom nejsou l\u00e9pe.<\/p><\/div>

      [23]\u00a0V\u00a0americk\u00e9m \u00fazu se ojedin\u011ble objevuje je\u0161t\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed do konceptu intelligence nejen tzv.\u00a0covert actions<\/i>, ale dokonce i dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi – vyu\u017eit\u00ed zpravodajci p\u0159edan\u00fdch poznatk\u016f vl\u00e1dn\u00edmi z\u00e1kazn\u00edky, tedy implementovan\u00e9 politick\u00e9 dopady, tj. aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed\u00a0policy<\/i>, z\u00a0dodan\u00e9\u00a0intelligence<\/i>\u00a0vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed. Je to pojet\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00e9 a na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nen\u00ed u n\u00e1s kop\u00edrov\u00e1no.<\/p><\/div>

      [24]\u00a0http:\/\/www.uzsi.cz\/cz\/jak-jsme-usporadani.html<\/p>

      http:\/\/www.bis.cz\/_english\/frame_3.html\u00a0(skryto pod polo\u017ekou Organisation structure)<\/p>

      a\u00a0http:\/\/www.vzcr.cz\/static\/struktura.aspx\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1no 25.10.2008.<\/p><\/div>

      [25]\u00a0V\u00a0americk\u00e9m a anglick\u00e9m jazykov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed je tomu ale podobn\u011b.<\/p><\/div>

      [26]\u00a0MCWP 2-1, 2003, \u201eIntelligence Operations\u201c, str. 11.<\/p><\/div>

      [27]\u00a0Kohutiar, J., 2005, \u201eIntelligence Ethics\u201c, ve slovensk\u00e9 mutaci \u201eSpravodajsk\u00e1 etika\u201c. S. 15.<\/p><\/div>

      [28]\u00a0Naproti tomu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho v\u011bcn\u00e9ho hesla \u201ezpravodajstv\u00ed\u201c v\u00a0Encyklopedii \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ee na str. 409-410 pova\u017euji za ne\u00fapln\u00e9 a nespr\u00e1vn\u011b pojat\u00e9.<\/p><\/div>

      [29]\u00a0Sov\u011btsk\u00e1 zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost byla v\u00a0praxi \u010dasto vysoce efektivn\u00ed. Sov\u011bti v\u0161ak nikdy nedok\u00e1zali zformulovat kvalitn\u00ed teorii zpravodajstv\u00ed – v\u017edy to byla pouze kombinace prakticistn\u00edch n\u00e1vod\u016f a sebeobelh\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed ideologie. A podobn\u011b tomu bylo v\u00a0sov\u011btsk\u00fdch satelitech.<\/p><\/div>

      [30]\u00a0Shulsky, A. N. a Schmitt, G.J., 2002, p. 8: \u201c\u2026intelligence can be divided according to the type of activity involved into four parts, often referred to as the \u2019elements of intelligence\u2018:\u00a0collection<\/i>,\u00a0analysis<\/i>,\u00a0covert actions<\/i>, and\u00a0counterintelligence<\/i>\u201d. Posledn\u00ed slovo z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nep\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1m.<\/p><\/div>

      [31]\u00a0DCAF Intelligence Working Group, 2003, \u201eIntelligence Practice And Democratic Oversight \u2013 A Practitioner’s View\u201d, Geneva Centre For The Democratic Control Of Armed Forces (DCAF), Occasional Paper No. 3, July 2003, p. 12. \u201eGenerally, intelligence services have three basic functions: collection, analysis, and \u2212 intrinsic to the entire intelligence process \u2212 counterintelligence. Covert action, the more occasional forth one for external intelligence services, is increasingly disputed as an appropriate intelligence function in a modern democratic state\u201c.<\/p><\/div>

      [32]\u00a0Jistou v\u00fdjimkou je Carl\u016fv \u201cInternational Dictionary of Intelligence\u201d, kter\u00fd definujeintelligence<\/i>\u00a0jako \u201cthe product resulting from the collecting and processing of information concerning actual and potential situations and conditions relating to domestic and foreign activities and to domestic and foreign or US and enemy-held areas\u201d.<\/p><\/div>

      [33]\u00a0Thomas F. Troy, 1992, \u201eThe \u201aCorrect\u201b Definition of Intelligence\u201c, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 433 \u2013 454.<\/p><\/div>

      [34]\u00a0Michael Warner, 2002, \u201eWanted: A Definition of “Intelligence” \u201c,Studies In Intelligence, Journal of American Intelligence Professional, Vol. 46, No. 3.<\/p><\/div>

      [35]\u00a0Gregory F. Treverton, Seth G. Jones, Steven Boraz, Phillip Lipsky, 2006, \u201eToward a Theory of Intelligence, Workshop Report\u201d, RAND Corporation.<\/p><\/div>

      [36]\u00a0Lowenthal (2000) na\u00a0str. 8, v\u00a0r\u00e1me\u010dku \u201eIntelligence \u2013 A Working Concept.\u201c: \u201eIntelligence is the process by which specific types of information important to national security are requested, collected, analyzed, and provided to policymakers; the products of that process; the safeguarding of these processes and this information by counterintelligence activities; and the carrying out of operations as requested by lawful authorities.\u201c<\/p><\/div>

      [37]\u00a0Tento text vypracoval na mou p\u0159\u00edmou \u017e\u00e1dost dr. Daniel Radom\u011b\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 2006. Laskav\u011b svolil, abych jeho m\u00edrn\u011b zkr\u00e1cenou formu p\u0159ipojil jako p\u0159\u00edlohu k\u00a0textu sv\u00e9mu. Radom\u011b\u0159sk\u00e9ho text jinde nebyl publikov\u00e1n. Pokud by n\u011bkdo z\u00a0\u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f byl schopen a ochoten zpracovat obdobn\u00fd rozbor pro francouz\u0161tinu, eventu\u00e1ln\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed jazyky, jeho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek s\u00a0nad\u0161en\u00edm uv\u00edt\u00e1m. Spojen\u00ed p\u0159es veden\u00ed ABSD.<\/p><\/div>

      [38]\u00a0Od obsahov\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdrazu\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0se odvozuje adjektivum\u00a0nachrichtendienstliche<\/i>\u00a0(zpravodajsk\u00fd)\u00a0<\/i>a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i dal\u0161\u00ed substantivum\u00a0der Nachrichtendienstler<\/i>\u00a0(zpravodajec v \u017eurnalistick\u00e9m \u017eargonu). Jako p\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017eeme uv\u00e9st zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed velmi frekventovan\u00e1 spojen\u00ed:\u00a0nachrichtendienstlich vorgehen, arbeiten, beschaffen, erfassen, auswerten<\/i>\u00a0(postupovat, pracovat, z\u00edsk\u00e1vat, podchycovat, analyzovat zpravodajsky);\u00a0die nachrichtendienstliche T\u00e4tigkeit, Beschaffung, Erfassung, Auswertung, Ma\u03b2nahme, Quelle, Verbindung\u00a0<\/i>(zpravodajsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, zpravodajsk\u00fd sb\u011br informac\u00ed, zpravodajsk\u00e9 podchycen\u00ed informac\u00ed, zpravodajsk\u00e1 anal\u00fdza, zpravodajsk\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed, zpravodajsk\u00fd zdroj, zpravodajsk\u00fd kontakt).<\/p><\/div>

      [39]\u00a0Takto zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed (viz t\u00e9\u017e stejnojmenn\u00fd text nestora slu\u017eby Reinharda Gehlena) zdaleka nen\u00ed omezeno pouze na vlastn\u00ed zpravodajskou komunitu, n\u00fdbr\u017e zazn\u00edv\u00e1 i v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9 rozprav\u011b.<\/p><\/div>

      [40]\u00a0Nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed nebo z\u00e1m\u011bny zde v\u0161ak prakticky (nejpozd\u011bji v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na kontextu) nehroz\u00ed, by\u0165 nap\u0159. s\u00e1m term\u00edn\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst<\/i>\u00a0v\u00a0minulosti ozna\u010doval i tiskovou kancel\u00e1\u0159, tiskovou slu\u017ebu nebo (medi\u00e1ln\u00ed) zpravodajstv\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>

      [41]\u00a0P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 adjektivum a adverbium se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 (s nazna\u010den\u00fdm posunem) prakticky stejn\u011b jako odvozen\u00e9 tvary substantiva\u00a0der Nachrichtendienst<\/i>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e odvozen\u00e9 substantivum\u00a0der Geheimdienstler<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e1 ov\u0161em pejorativn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, srovnateln\u00fd s dal\u0161\u00edm (\u017eurnalistick\u00fdm) ozna\u010den\u00edm pro zpravodajce –\u00a0der Schlapphut<\/i>\u00a0(m\u011bkk\u00fd klobouk).<\/p><\/div>

      [42]\u00a0Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak vylou\u010deno jej pou\u017e\u00edt i ve vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00edm v\u00fdznamu coby\u00a0die Innlandsaufkl\u00e4rung<\/i>.<\/p><\/div>

      [43]\u00a0Kuri\u00f3zn\u00ed souslov\u00ed\u00a0der Kundschafter des Friedens<\/i>\u00a0(zpravodajec m\u00edru) p\u0159itom pat\u0159\u00ed do terminologick\u00e9ho reperto\u00e1ru Ministerstva st\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti NDR (das Ministerium f\u00fcr Staatsicherheit, MfS, die Stasi<\/i>) \u2013 instituce, jej\u00ed\u017e ozna\u010den\u00ed koresponduje s\u00a0v\u00fdrazy z\u00a0obdob\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho komunismu: Ministerstvo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti, MNB a St\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, StB.<\/p><\/div>

      [44]\u00a0Neodvozuj\u00ed se od n\u011bj \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 adjektiva, v\u00a0adjektivn\u00edm v\u00fdznamu jej lze pou\u017e\u00edt pouze ve slo\u017eenin\u00e1ch (nap\u0159.\u00a0das Verfassungsschutzsystem, die Verfassungsschutzt\u00e4tigkeit, die Verfassungschutzquelle<\/i>). Od pojmu\u00a0der Verfassungsschutz<\/i>\u00a0lze nav\u00edc odvodit substantivum\u00a0der Verfassungssch\u00fctzer<\/i>\u00a0jako (\u017eurnalistick\u00e9) ozna\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edka vnit\u0159n\u00ed slu\u017eby.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

      Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura o zpravodajstv\u00ed<\/h4>

      9-11 Commission, 2004, \u201cGlossary of Terms and Key Names\u201d, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorism Attacks Upon the United States; July 2004; ISBN 0-16-072304-3; ke sta\u017een\u00ed na\u00a0http:\/\/fl1.findlaw.com\/news.findlaw.com\/hdocs\/docs\/911rpt\/glossary.pdf\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Carl, Leo D., 1990 a 1996, \u201cInternational Dictionary of Intelligence\u201c, 1990, International Defense Consultant Services, McLean, Virginia ; 1996 vydal NIC Press, Washington, D.C.<\/p>

      Carter, David L., Nov. 2004, \u201cLaw Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies\u201d, 296 pp., ISBN: 1-932582-44-4, Dostupn\u00e9 na\u00a0http:\/\/www.cops.usdoj.gov\/Default.asp?Item=1404\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      DCAF Intelligence Working Group, 2003, \u201cIntelligence Practice And Democratic Oversight \u2013 A Practitioner’s View\u201d, Geneva Centre For The Democratic Control Of Armed Forces (DCAF), Occasional Paper No. 3, July 2003. Dostupn\u00e9 na\u00a0http:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/_docs\/occasional_3.pdf\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Executive Order 12333 by Ronald Reagan, \u201cUnited States Intelligence Activities\u201d, Dec. 1981, dostupn\u00e9 na\u00a0http:\/\/www.fas.org\/irp\/offdocs\/eo12333.htm\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Hais, Karel, Hodek, B\u0159etislav, 1984, \u201eVelk\u00fd anglicko-\u010desk\u00fd slovn\u00edk\u201c, Academia, Praha.<\/p>

      Chura\u0148, Milan a kolektiv, 2000, \u201eEncyklopedie \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ee. Ze z\u00e1kulis\u00ed tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, zejm\u00e9na St\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti\u201c, 2. revidovan\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, Libri, Praha.<\/p>

      JP 2-0, 2007, June 22, \u201cJoint Intelligence\u201c, Joint Publication, vojensk\u00fd dokument vydan\u00fd Sborem n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk\u016f \u0161t\u00e1b\u016f, USA; dostupn\u00fd na\u00a0http:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/doddir\/dod\/jp2_0.pdf\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Kent, Sherman, \u201cStrategic Intelligence for American World Policy\u201c, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, prvn\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 1949, \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, cituji podle reprintu prvn\u00edho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0r. 1966.<\/p>

      Kohutiar, Juraj, 2006, \u201cIntelligence Ethics\u201c; slovensk\u00e1 mutace \u201eSpravodajsk\u00e1 etika\u201c na webu dostupn\u00e1 na\u00a0http:\/\/www.absd.sk\/spravodajska_etika\/\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Lacqueur, Walter, 1985, \u201cA World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence\u201d, New York, NY: Basic Books, p. 8., cit. sec. z Michael Warner, \u201cWanted: A Definition of “Intelligence”\u201d, Studies In Intelligence, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2002, Unclassified Edition. Dostupn\u00e9 na https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence\/csi-publications\/csi-studies\/studies\/vol46no3\/article02.html, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Lowenthal, Mark M., 2006, \u201cIntelligence \u2013 From Secrets to Policy\u201c, CQ Press, Washington (third edition).<\/p>

      Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 2-1, \u201cIntelligence Operations\u201c, September 2003, 87 stran; dostupn\u00e9 na\u00a0http:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/doddir\/usmc\/mcwp2-1.pdf\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Shulsky, Abram N., Schmitt, Gary J., 2002, \u201cSilent Warfare. Understanding the World of Intelligence\u201d, Third revised edition, Brassey\u00b4s Inc., Dulles, Virginia . 1st edition \u2013 autorem zde pouze Schulsky \u2013 1991.<\/p>

      Treverton, Gregory F., Jones, Seth G., Boraz, Steven, Lipsky, Phillip, 2006, \u201cToward a Theory of Intelligence, Workshop Report\u201d, RAND Corporation, ISBN 0-8330-3911-3. Dostupn\u00e9 na\u00a0http:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/conf_proceedings\/2006\/RAND_CF219.pdf\u00a0, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Troy, Thomas F., 1992, \u201cThe \u201aCorrect\u201b Definition of Intelligence\u201c, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 433 \u2013 454.<\/p>

      Warner, Michael, 2002, \u201cWanted: A Definition of “Intelligence” \u201c, Studies In Intelligence, Journal of American Intelligence Professional, Vol. 46, No. 3. Unclassified Edition. Dostupn\u00e9 na https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence\/csi-publications\/csi-studies\/studies\/vol46no3\/article02.html, ov\u011b\u0159eno 30.10.2008.<\/p>

      Dal\u0161\u00ed prameny<\/h4>

      Osvaldov\u00e1, Barbora, Halada Jan a kol., \u201eEncyklopedie praktick\u00e9 \u017eurnalistiky\u201c, 1999, Praha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60,57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","category-vyber"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4186"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5062,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4186\/revisions\/5062"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4186"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/absd.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}